However, the exact speed differed between places with alternating current electricity supply at 60 hertz (cycles per second, Hz) and those at 50 Hz. By 1925, 78 rpm was becoming standardized across the industry. In 1912, the Gramophone Company set 78 rpm as their recording standard, based on the average of recordings they had been releasing at the time, and started selling players whose governors had a nominal speed of 78 rpm. 1908 in Hanover, Germany, for the Gramophone Company, Victor's affiliate in England Ī multinational product: an operatic duet sung by Enrico Caruso and Antonio Scotti, recorded in the US in 1906 by the Victor Talking Machine Company, manufactured c. The speed regulator was furnished with an indicator that showed the speed when the machine was running so that the records, on reproduction, could be revolved at exactly the same speed.The literature does not disclose why 78 rpm was chosen for the phonograph industry, apparently this just happened to be the speed created by one of the early machines and, for no other reason continued to be used. A picture of a hand-cranked 1898 Berliner Gramophone shows a governor, and says that spring drives had replaced hand drives. One standard audio recording handbook describes speed regulators, or governors, as being part of a wave of improvement introduced rapidly after 1897. As early as 1894, Emile Berliner's United States Gramophone Company was selling single-sided 7-inch discs with an advertised standard speed of "about 70 rpm". Hungarian Pathé record, 90 to 100 rpm Early speeds Įarly disc recordings were produced in a variety of speeds ranging from 60 to 130 rpm, and a variety of sizes. The late 1950s saw the introduction of stereophonic sound on commercial discs. In the late 1940s new formats pressed in vinyl, the 45 rpm single and 33 rpm long playing "LP", were introduced, gradually overtaking the formerly standard "78s" over the next decade. The standard format of disc records became known to later generations as "78s" after their playback speed in revolutions per minute, although that speed only became standardized in the late 1920s. Price, ease of use and storage made the disc record dominant by the 1910s. Manufacture of disc records began in the late 19th century, at first competing with earlier cylinder records. According to the Apollo Masters website, their future is still uncertain. On February 6, 2020, a fire destroyed the Apollo Masters plant. Only two producers of lacquers ( acetate discs or master discs) remain: Apollo Masters in California, and MDC in Japan. The increased popularity of the record has led to the investment in new and modern record-pressing machines. Continued production Īs of 2017, 48 record pressing facilities exist worldwide, 18 in the US and 30 in other countries. The phrase broken record refers to a malfunction when the needle skips/jumps back to the previous groove and plays the same section over and over again indefinitely. Phonograph records are generally described by their diameter in inches (12-inch, 10-inch, 7-inch) (although they were designed in millimeters ), the rotational speed in revolutions per minute (rpm) at which they are played ( 8 + 1⁄ 3, 16 + 2⁄ 3, 33 + 1⁄ 3, 45, 78), and their time capacity, determined by their diameter and speed (LP, 12-inch disc, 33 + 1⁄ 3 rpm SP, 10-inch disc, 78 rpm, or 7-inch disc, 45 rpm EP, 12-inch disc or 7-inch disc, 33 + 1⁄ 3 or 45 rpm) their reproductive quality, or level of fidelity (high-fidelity, orthophonic, full-range, etc.) and the number of audio channels ( mono, stereo, quad, etc.). Likewise, sales in the UK increased five-fold from 2009 to 2014. The phonograph record has made a niche resurgence as a format for rock music in the early 21st century-9.2 million records were sold in the US in 2014, a 260% increase since 2009. They were also listened to by a growing number of audiophiles. Since the 1990s, records continue to be manufactured and sold on a smaller scale, and during the 1990s and early 2000s were commonly used by disc jockeys (DJs), especially in dance music genres. By the 1980s, digital media, in the form of the compact disc, had gained a larger market share, and the record left the mainstream in 1991. Records retained the largest market share even when new formats such as the compact cassette were mass-marketed. It had co-existed with the phonograph cylinder from the late 1880s and had effectively superseded it by around 1912. The phonograph record was the primary medium used for music reproduction throughout the 20th century. Conductor and cast members of the D'Oyly Carte Opera Company with acoustic recording horn at HMV, c.
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